Revue de littérature

Depuis 1985, de nombreuses recherches ont été mises en place afin d’attester l’efficacité de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne. Voici une liste non exhaustive de ces recherches.

 

Van den Eynde, F. Claudino, A.M., Mogg, A., Horrell, L., Stahl, D., Ribeiro, W., Uher, R., Campbell, I., Schmidt, U. (2010). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces cue- induced food craving in bulimic disoders. Biology psychiatry, 67, 793-785.

Background : Craving or the “urge to consume” is a characteristic of bulimic eating disorders and addictions. Dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is associated with craving. We investigated whether stimulation of the DLPFC reduces food craving in people with a bulimic-type eating disorder.

Methods : Thirty-eight people with bulimic-type eating disorders were randomly allocated to receive one session of real or sham high- frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the left DLPFC in a double-blind procedure. Outcome measures included self-reported food craving immediately after the stimulation session and frequency of bingeing over a 24-hour follow-up period.

Results : Comparedwithshamcontrol,realrTMSwasassociatedwithdecreasedself-reportedurgetoeatandfewerbinge-eatingepisodes over the 24 hours following stimulation.

Conclusions : High-frequencyrTMSoftheleftDLPFClowerscue-inducedfoodcravingsinpeoplewithabulimiceatingdisorderandmay reduce binge eating. These results provide a rationale for exploring rTMS as a treatment for bulimic eating disorders.

 

Downar, J., Sankar, A., Giacobbe, P., Woodside, B., Colton, P. (2012) Unanticipated rapide remission of refractory bulimia nervosa, during high-dose repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex : a case report. Frontiers in psychiatry, 3, 1-5.

A woman with severe, refractory bulimia nervosa (BN) underwent treatment for comorbid depression using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) using a novel technique. Unexpectedly, she showed a rapid, dramatic remission from BN. For 5 months pre-treatment, she had reported two 5-h binge- purge episodes per day. After rTMS session 2 the episodes stopped entirely for 1 week; after session 10 there were no further recurrences. Depression scores improved more grad- ually to remission at session 10. Full remission from depression and binge-eating/purging episodes was sustained more than 2 months after treatment completion. In neuroimaging studies, the DMPFC is important in impulse control, and is underactive in BN. DMPFC– rTMS may have enhanced the patient’s ability to deploy previously acquired strategies to avoid binge-eating and purging via a reduction in her impulsivity. A larger sham-controlled trial of DMPFC–rTMS for binge-eating and purging behavior may be warranted.

 

McClelland, J., Bozhilova, N., Nestler, S., Campbell, L-C., Jacob, S., Johnson-Sabine, E., Schmidt, U. (2013b). Improvements in symptomes following neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa : findings from two case studies. Eating disorders review, 21, 500-506.

Background : Advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) are most likely to arise from targeted, brain-directed treatments, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We describe findings from two individuals with treatment-resistant AN who received 19–20 sessions of neuronavigated, high frequency rTMS, applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Method : Within-session measures assessed changes pre-rTMS, post-rTMS in subjective eating disorder (ED) experiences. Weight, ED symptoms and mood were assessed pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 1 month follow-up.

Results : In both cases, there was improvement in ED symptomatology and mood after 19–20 sessions of neuronavigated rTMS, and these changes persisted or continued to improve at follow-up. Within sessions, Patient A demonstrated a consistent reduction in subjective ED experiences, and Patient B a reduction in some ED related experiences.

Conclusions : These findings suggest that rTMS has potential as an adjunct to the treatment of AN and deserves further study. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

 

Baczynski, T-P., Hanna de Aquino Chaim, C., Nazar, B., Giovanni Carta, M., Arias- Carrion, O., Cadrosa Silva, A., Machado, S., Nardi, A. (2014). High-frequency rTMS to treat refractory binge eating disorder ans comorbid depression : a case report. CNS & Neurological Disorders –Drug targets, 13(3), 1-5.

Background : Binge eating disorder (BED) has limited therapeutic options. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a modulation technique of cortical excitability that has shown good results in treating certain psychiatric disorders by correcting dysfunctional cortical regions. We hypothesize that rTMS could be an alternative therapy for BED through potential modulation action on frontostriatal abnormalities and dopaminergic pathways noted by neuroimaging.

Method : We report the case of a young woman presenting refractory BED and comorbid depression treated with 20 sessions of rTMS for 30 minutes over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 10 Hz for about a month (2400 stimuli per day). She answered two self-report questionnaires, the Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

Results : Before rTMS treatment, the BES score was 38, and the BDI score was 42. Three days after rTMS treatment, the BES score was 27 and the BDI score was 27, and the patient referred to no binge eating episodes for that week.

Conclusions : Therefore, rTMS could offer a new option of treatment for BED and comorbid depression.

 

Cordelle, M. (2015) Les effets de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne à répétition sur les symptomatologies anxio-dépressives, boulimiques, et le food craving chez des patientes boulimiques. Recherche réalisée dans le cadre du master 1 de psychologie.

Contexte : La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne à répétition (rTMS) est une technique de modulation de l’excitabilité corticale, non invasive et avec peu d’effets secondaires. Elle a montré de bons résultats dans le traitement de différents troubles psychiatriques (particulièrement la dépression) et son champ d’application s’est par la suite étendu à d’autres troubles psychiatriques comme la boulimie. La boulimie est une pathologie souvent résistante aux traitements et ayant des répercussions psycho-sociales sévères.

Objectif : Ainsi, l’objectif de cette étude est d’étudier l’impact de la rTMS sur l’ensemble des symptomatologies boulimiques, anxio-dépressives et sur le food craving.

Méthode : Sept femmes âgées en moyenne de 38 ans et diagnostiquées boulimiques à la Note bleue ont complété, avant les séances de rTMS, quatre questionnaires permettant d’évaluer l’anxiété état (STAI-Y forme state), la dépression (BDI-13), la boulimie (BITE) et la food craving état (G-FCQ-S). Puis après une séance de rTMS tous les jours pendant 10 jours avec un protocole où la bobine est placée au milieu du cortex préfrontal avec une fréquence de 1 Hz, les sujets ont denouveau complété ce questionnaire.

Résultats : En moyenne, les sujets atteints de boulimie obtiennent des scores inférieurs pour l’ensemble des variables après les séances de rTMS, et ces résultats sont généralisables à population pour l’anxiété et les symptômes de la boulimie.

Conclusion : Par conséquent, la rTMS pourrait offrir une nouvelle option de traitement pour les sujets souffrant de boulimie.